National Collegiate Athletic Association Eligibility

Over the years, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has encountered criticism over eligibility of its student athletes. Some say that it is not tough enough on student-athletes when it comes to academic status. Others believe that the NCAA sets reasonable standards for student-athletes. There are three divisions in the NCAA, Division I, Division II, and Division III. The NCAA sets their eligibility and regulations in a hierarchal type structure; starting from the school’s athletic program, then the institution, and finally the NCAA. The NCAA sets strict standards for perspective college athletes, but also gives them a good opportunity for these standards to be met. The NCAA sets a standard for perspective student athletes, which governs whether the athlete is or is not eligible to play college athletics. For all classes prior to the class of 2016, NCAA D-I and II require a student to have at least a 2.0 GPA, along with an ACT sum score of 86, a composite avera ge of an 18. However, starting with the class of 2016, current high school sophomores, the NCAA has raised its academic standards. Perspective students must have at least a 2.3 GPA along with a sum ACT score of 75. Both Divisions also require the student to take 16 core courses, which does not include religion courses or physical education (NCAA). Walter Harrison, chairman of the NCAAs Committee on Academic Performance, said that these raised standards sends a message to our teams and to our criticsShow MoreRelatedThe National Collegiate Athletic Association1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe National Collegiate Athletic Association also known as the NCAA is one of the most popular Athletic Associations in the entire nation that regulates over 1,281 universities, conferences, and organizations. Some of the top conferences in the NCAA are the SEC, ACC, PAC 12, and Big Ten (Tomlinson,2010.) The NCAA is a non-profit association that brings in over 871.6 million dollars in revenue a year. T he NCAA also awards 89 national championships a year in football, basketball, softball, gymnasticsRead MoreThe Ethical Consideration Of The Ncaa1153 Words   |  5 Pages The Lack of Consistency: The Ethical Consideration of the NCAA Kamren Gilliam Old Dominion University  The Lack of Consistency: The Ethical Consideration of the NCAA In recent years, collegiate athletics has evolved from the original spectrum of rivalry competition into a business model that focuses on branding and expanding markets. According to Stephanie Harrison-Dyer (2011), â€Å"Sport is too much a game to be business and too much a business to be a game† (p. 1). Although competitive sportRead MoreSports : Pay For Play?2343 Words   |  10 Pagesalways enjoyed partaking and watching athletic events. People would travel from all over the globe to see some of these sporting events. The same holds true today, with people from all over the world travelling to play and watch both amateur and professional sports. Amateur competition is viewed as one of the ground rules of college sports. It’s what separates the college men and women from the professional men and women. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) defines amateurism of its athletesRead MoreStudent Athletes : Is A Scholarship Enough?1638 Words   |  7 Pages football and basketball, have skyrocketed. During the last decade, college athletics have seen a tremendous increase in revenues from licensing and television revenue. For example, in 2014 CBS paid 800 million dollars for the rights to broadcast the Men’s Final Four, compared to 12 million dollars, adjusted for inflation, in 1984 (Sanderson Siegfried, 2015). Even with these increased revenues, most universities’ athletic programs operate at a loss and are subsidized by students’ tuition paymentsRead MoreCollege Athletes Should Not Be Paid945 Words   |  4 Pagescentered around, nor does it mention athletics. College athletes should not be paid a salary for their participation in college sports, the purpose of college is education and not athletics. A Student s Relationship To School And Athletics College athletes arguably possess a similar and often equivalent skill set to that of a professional athlete and may even train just as hard as a professional athlete. However, a college students relationship to athletics is no different than a high school studentRead MoreEthical Considerations of College Recruiting1589 Words   |  7 Pagesand limit illegal recruiting. In the early years of collegiate athletics the only sport that enforced a governing body for rules and eligibility was rowing. Years later along with a handful other sports, football had created its own governing body in 1876 named the IFA. The purpose of the Intercollegiate Football Association was to create eligibility and game guidelines for institutions partaking in football. On account of regulation and eligibility not being enforced well, there was a lot of illegalRead MoreRacism And The Black Athlete Essay1483 Words   |  6 Pagesblack athlete faces and the intuitional racism faced on campus to prove the existence of modern day apartheid. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is a non- profit association which regulates college athletics. The NCAA is member- led and is dedicated to the success of the college athlete. The members of the NCAA consist of 1,121 post-secondary institutions, voting athletics conferences and 39 affiliated organizations. There are more than 460,000 college athletes that make up 19,000 teamsRead MorePaying College Athletes1061 Words   |  5 Pagesphysical contact sports. Each sport takes sacrifice and dedication to be able to perform at your best knows matter what level. The NCAA is a million dollar business that lets student athletes show their athletic ability and skill toward other individuals. That is the main reason for the creation of collegiate sports, but not to downside the meaning of entertainment. Controversy of paying these athletes is a big deal at the moment. There have been many scandals of athletes receiving direct pay under theRead MoreThe National Collegiate A thletic Association1060 Words   |  5 Pagesdeals with these athletes and coaches who break rules or commit crimes by punishing the collegiate programs and schools, sanctioning coaches, and issuing punishments (though surprisingly light ones) to student athletes. Background info: The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), based in Overland Park, Kansas, creates and enforces rules for various sports on the college level. It supervises athletic contests in and out of colleges and is the main organization in the United States that administersRead MoreIt Is True Stories Like Heather Van Norman Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesImpregnated while on the ball of her running career in Louisiana State University track, Heather Van Norman fought to survive as a young woman and athlete. She ran, baby and all, during her career as a collegiate track runner at LSU in the 1990’s. But even before she would sprint to victory as an outstanding track runner, mother of Odell Beckham Junior, and ladies’ coach for track, field, and cross-country, Van Norman had to face the harsh realities of paying for college and working for her time

Coal Is A Nonrenewable Fossil Fuel - 766 Words

It is clear that our country is approaching turmoil as the population continues to grow and our dependence on electrical power increases. With limited economic resources at our disposal, we must ensure that future power plants run on the same primary fuel. With that said, I hope you carefully consider my recommendations, as they are essential in maintaining the current and future state of our country. Although using coal as our primary energy resource has minor sociopolitical and scientific complications, the strategies to address these problems and the social, political, scientific, and economic advantages greatly outweigh the setbacks. While coal is a nonrenewable fossil fuel, it will still provide our country enough energy to last over 20 years. Coal deposits in our country are plentiful, making it a more readily available resource than natural gas or nuclear energy. Since we will eventually extract the coal, it is logical to use it now to fuel our expanding economy. More importa ntly, the method for extraction, mountaintop removal mining, is a generally safe approach that presents nominal risks for workers. As a result, choosing coal as our country’s primary fuel resource will diminish sociopolitical backlash. In addition, coal proves to be extremely economically viable due to its high yield factor, allowing it to produce high amounts of energy with minimal effort for extraction. By using coal, we are saving the time and money needed to educate and teach citizens theShow MoreRelatedConcerns of Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources1141 Words   |  5 Pagesgreen energy include geothermal, hydropower, solar, and wind energy. Nonrenewable resources, as the name implies, are resources for which there is a limited supply, and forms of nonrenewable resources include fossil fuels and nuclear energy. Much of our world is using fossil fuels, but in the process of achieving everyday needs, we are destroying our environment. In my opinion, people should cut do wn on the usage of fossil fuels and depend more on green energy. This will stop thousands of harmfulRead MoreRenewable Fuels And The Energy Issue1583 Words   |  7 PagesInvestigating whether a renewable fuel produces the same level of energy as an equivalent amount of nonrenewable fuel would be beneficial to help save Earth’s natural resources and is a very relevant and important science project. The purpose of this project is to figure out which type of fuels is most efficient. In my science project, I will be burning various types of renewable fuels and non- renewable fuels and comparing the duration that they burn and comparing the temperature that they burnRead MoreEnergy Conservation960 Words   |  4 Pagesmeans electricity. Then, there are fuels such as natural gas, coal, or nuclear power. These fuels are used to generate electricity. Coal and natural gas are not renewable resources. Our country needs to start looking into wind, solar and bio mass resources befor e the nonrenewable resources are gone. Living and Nonliving factors The factor for nonliving things like weather, climate change, and water would be the use of fossil fuels, natural gas, and coal, these things cause emissions like carbonRead MoreEnvironmental Issues : The United States And Uruguay Essay1147 Words   |  5 Pagesworld made up of many powerful nations, big and small. These nations all have one thing in common, they struggle with the large consumption of our nonrenewable resources. Using these nonrenewable resources are harmful for the environment. Among these powerful nations is the United States. The United States is one of the biggest consumers of our nonrenewable resources. In this paper, I will provide an analysis of the United States’ consumption of resources. I will also compare the United States to UruguayRead MoreRenewable Forms Of Energy And Natural Gas1131 Words   |  5 PagesThe State of Michigan in the upper Midwest of the United States currently relies heavily on nonrenewable energy sources including fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas. As we striveto reduce the negative impacts from the use of nonrenewable resources and from our growing population, local and state governments are exploring new, renewable forms of energy, as well ashow to increase demand through conservation. Not all energy alternatives are suited for all locations, so the advantages and disadvantagesRead MoreEssay Impacts Of An Energy Plan945 Words   |  4 Pagesresources of fossil fuels that are non-renewable. Energy4Me.org defines nonrenewable resources as are energy sources like petroleum, propane, natural gas, coal and nuclear power. These resources have taken millions of years to produce and cannot rejuvenate in shorter lengths of time. What I mean is there needs to be another form of renewable energy that is sustainable for your generation and your childrens and grand-childrens generation. Our lives are so dependent on the supply of nonrenewable resourcesRead MoreImpacts of an Energy Plan933 Words   |  4 Pagesresources of fossil fuels that are non-renewable. Energy4Me.org defines nonrenewable resources as are energy sources like petroleum, propane, natural gas, coal and nuclear power. These resources have taken millions of years to produce and cannot rejuvenate in shorter lengths of time. What I mean is there needs to be another form of renewable energy that is sustainable for your generation and your childrens and grand-childrens generation. Our lives are so dependent on the supply of nonrenewable resourcesRead MoreCoal and Natural Gas Power Plants Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesCoal and natural gas are the United States’ main fossil fuels used as energy sources. These fossil fuels both contain mixtures of hydrocarbons, which is a chemical compound of carbon and hydrogen (Olah, 2005). Currently, fossil fuels provide eighty-five percent of commercial energy, such as businesses, worldwide and this eighty-five percent does not even account for residential use. Imagine if the residential energy use was accounted for in that eighty-five percent (Davison, 2007). AccordingRead MoreNatural Resources are Being Depleted1672 Words   |  7 PagesThe natural resources of Earth continue to be used more and more each year. Coal and oil are consumed with incredible speed and about 28 percent of the total energy derived from coal and oil. Earth is becoming airless balloon and the human population is rapidly growing. These n atural resources are not renewable. The world needs to stop pertaining to be blind about environmental crises. We need to start working on alternative energy that will protect our environment while maintaining energy dependentRead MoreThe Sources Of Fossil Fuels1429 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper will discuss the three main fossil fuels which are oil, coal, and natural gas. This research shows how the fossil fuels are formed, where they could be found, and explain how they were formed over millions of years. This paper will show the numerous advantages of fossil fuels compared to the disadvantages and how they are hurting the Earth. Fossils fuels are critical to the function of everyday life. The world would be a different if fossil fuels and their uses were not to of use.

Packaging and the Environment Free Essays

Packaging and the Environment The growing of the packaging industry is one of the phenomena of the 20 first century. Most people would non oppugn the necessity of packaging in our civilization both domestically and globally. It is perfectly indispensable for the distribution of trade goods and peculiarly for the retail of nutrient and other perishable points. We will write a custom essay sample on Packaging and the Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now There has been an increasing consciousness and concern about packaging in that the theoretical account of â€Å"use one time and throw away† puts a big load on the environment. Plastic has been the focal point of the attending. Paper merchandises really rapidly go wet and contract and quickly biodegrade to go portion of the natural environment. Tin home base rusts quickly and glass bottles are broken. Plastics do none of these things. They retain their form, composing and visual aspect for a really long clip, and when it is considered that a one pint polythene bottle weighs less than one ten percent of the weight of a glass bottle, the ground for the hapless image of plastics boxing as a constituent of litter is evident. ( Scott, pg. 189 ) In the first topographic point, the cost of plastics has been increasing at a slower rate than that of paper, tin-plate and glass in recent old ages. Second, plastics have certain built-in proficient advantages over the traditional options. They are really much lighter than glass and metals. Unlike paper, they do non absorb H2O, and since wet opposition is indispensable in nutrient packaging both to incorporate the nutrient and to defy bacterial taint from outside the bundle they have an overpowering advantage over paper. This advantage, coupled with the escalating monetary value of wood mush for paper, has led to a steady replacing of paper. ( 190 ) The packaging industry is an recognized facet of modern society and reflects the manner in which personal goods and belongings are looked upon as progressively disposable. This sentiment is a common subject which runs through all facets of the environment. A civilization born and raised in metropolitan countries, is non linked to nature or the environment. Their nutrient comes in a can, bag, bottle, or plastic wrap. The waste goes into bins that are emptied on a hebdomadal footing. Out of sight out of head, and the one manner disposal theoretical account continues. Many communities are mandating recycling as a manner to coerce decreases in solid waste. As the recycling industry grows, boxing interior decorators will necessitate to take recycling concerns into history. Harmonizing to Dr. Susan Selke, a packaging professor at Michigan State University, planing reclaimable bundles will cut down the solid waste disposal burden â€Å" provided a recycling system is in topographic point and the bundles enter the system. † With the important growing in recycling across the United States, guaranting that bundles can be recycled expeditiously and economically is paramount. ( Stana pg.18 ) Industry is faced with doing bundles that fit modern American life styles bundles that offer convenience and easiness of usage for all people every bit good as protect the merchandises. Packagers are committed to equilibrating these economic and societal considerations with environmental issues to bring forth bundles that meet the usage and disposal demands of s ociety. ( pg.19 ) And therein lies the job. Boxing fills trash containers and landfills, enduring far longer than the merchandises it was made to incorporate. It consumes natural resources. And it can besides reassign chemicals into our nutrient, with unknown wellness consequence. ( Claudio, pg. A233 ) If environmental harm is inordinate from the waste of packaging, the best solution is to beef up environmental ordinances regulating the extraction and production of the natural stuffs needed to do the packaging. ( Dewees, pg. 458 ) There is besides what is called User-Pay policies. User-pay policies require families to pay for each bag or can of waste collected, typically one dollar per bag. Paying per unit provides inducements to minimise packaging purchased, to divide recyclables for aggregation, and to minimise waste volumes in general. User-pay policies have by and large been implemented in communities that already have a curbside reclaimable aggregation plan. Empirical surveies of the experience with such plans finds that waste aggregation is reduced by between 14 per centum and 47 per centum. ( pg. 462 ) The costs of curbside recycling plans vary well among legal powers and over clip. This suggests that policy should non oblige curbside recycling in all topographic points and at all times. Again, flexible policies that encourage recycling when its benefits are high and its costs are low would be efficient. ( pg. 467 ) Since packaging is on a planetary graduated table, it would be prudent to look at policy outside of the United States. The German Waste Disposal Law is non merely really luxuriant, but besides instead complicated. A huge sum of statute law has been enacted at national, regional and local degrees, and an huge volume of proficient regulations and ordinances have been introduced, all of which purpose to guarantee that waste disposal and the recycling of used objects are non damaging to the general public assistance. ( Weidemann, pg. 1135 ) Trade and industry are now called upon to â€Å" change by reversal the concatenation of idea † . Packaging should be re-usable, every bit lasting as possible and the stuffs used should be suited for recycling. The decisive instrument for the enforcement of this doctrine is the duty to take back packaging, which the Regulation imposes throughout trades and industries. Taking the Regulation as a theoretical account, the German Minister for the E nvironment plans to publish similar ordinances for farther merchandises. The undermentioned ordinances are in readying: Regulation for the Avoidance and Recycling of Waste from Printed Materials, Regulation for the Avoidance and Recycling of Waste from the Disposal of Vehicles ; Regulation to Guarantee the Introduction and Extension of Returnable Beverage Container Systems ; Regulation for the Avoidance, Reduction and Recycling of Waste from Used Electrical and Electronic Equipment, Regulation for the Disposal of Construction Materials ; Regulation for the Disposal of Boxing incorporating Residues of Noxious Filling Substances ; Regulation for the Disposal of Used Batteries. ( pg. 1137 ) The United States could afford to take a expression at such rigorous policies. There are besides biodegradable options to conventional plastics. Presently the costs of bioplastic polymers are still much higher than that of mainstream plastic opposite number nevertheless, the impacts of biodegradable bioplastics, when come ining the waste watercourse and handled by landfill, recycling, and incineration, enable a possible option for waste intervention through composting as a manner to retrieve the stuffs and to bring forth compost as a utile merchandise. ( Davies, pg. 2129 ) Unlike conventional petrochemical-based polymers, biodegradable and compostable bioplastic polymers can be composted. Making or naming a merchandise biodegradable has no built-in value if the merchandise, after usage by the client, does non stop up in a waste direction system that uses the biodegradability characteristic. ( pg. 2131 ) It is clear from research done that several biodegradable packaging stuffs can be processed in place composting systems and output compost stuffs suited for wor ks growing. This capableness will enable such stuffs to be disposed of in well-run place composting systems and consequence in waste recreation from municipal waste watercourse. ( pg. 2137 ) Bioplastic polymers have great possible to lend to material recovery, cut down the usage of landfills and usage of renewable resources. Widespread public consciousness of these stuffs and effectual substructure for rigorous control of enfranchisement, aggregation, separation and composting will be important to obtaining these benefits in full. ( pg. 2138 ) In sum-up, recycling is one scheme for end-of-life waste direction of plastic merchandises. It makes increasing sense economically every bit good as environmentally and recent tendencies demonstrate a significant addition in the rate of recovery and recycling of plastic wastes. These tendencies are likely to go on, but some important challenges still exist from both technological factors and from economic or societal behaviour issues associati ng to the aggregation of reclaimable wastes, and permutation for virgin stuff. Though developments at an international and national degree are driving a civilization alteration towards more sustainable direction of waste in concern, it is the enterprises being implemented at a local degree which are ensuing in the most direct impact. ( Hopewell, pg. 2124 ) It is the concern advantage to be gained from effectual waste direction which is possibly the strongest driving force of all. ( Cain, pg. 1430 ) With the coming of â€Å"green† consumerism, concern behaviour forms look set to alter, as over-packaged goods are boycotted and composting enjoys a resurgence. ( pg. 1435 ) Though developments at an international and national degree are driving a civilization alteration towards more sustainable direction of waste in concern, it is the enterprises being implemented at a local degree which are ensuing in the most direct impact. ( Hopewell, pg. 2124 ) Communities are progressively turning to local environmental establishments ( LEIs ) to turn to unmet environmental challenges. This impulse toward place-based solutions and the creative activity of LEIs is fueled by the desire to do environmental policy more antiphonal to local values and involvements and to travel off from â€Å" one-size-fits-all † environmental plans crafted by distant authorities bureaus. ( Konsiky, pg. 3 ) When it comes to packaging, local communities can instantly make up one’s mind what is best for their localised environment. Normally this far exceeds the capacity of a authorities which has no cognition of the local environment or resources. In the 1960’s Sweden had turning environmental concern. At the clip different bureaus handled different facets of the environmental issue with really limited powers, since the power to make up one’s mind on those affairs rested with the Cabinet or with the County Administration. Their resources were besides really limited. The Governmental Principal Proposal on the Environment of 1965 marked the beginning of a new, integrative stage in Swedish environmental policy. It was the beginning of an incorporate policy. What followed is considered the nidation stage. In 1967, an incorporate administrative organic structure was established. It covered the Fieldss of nature conservancy, H2O and air protection, out-of-door diversion and the protection of wildlife. ( Lundqvist, pg. 95 ) The tendency now is toward the establishing of an increasing figure of demands that make it necessary for fouling industries to take appropriate steps for the protection of the environment. The bureaucratism and the deficiency of communicating between bureaus has been cut to a bare minimal ensuing in more immediate action towards environmental concerns. The displacement of focal point demands to be less on packaging and more on policy. Policy is what will do alterations in packaging waste. Presently, political urgency of environmental reform may be weakening. Public support for environmental ordinance remains high, but environmental policy suffers from the ups and downs of the issue attending rhythm. This may merely be a job in a media-controlled society like the United States. But, at least at that place, it undermines the demand for consistent and uninterrupted attending to public policy issues that is indispensable for serious determination devising. ( Mandelker, pg. 108 ) Mandelker continues, the general populace supports environmental reform because it believes it will get away the load of conformity but participate in the distribution of benefits. In short, the public expects a free drive. This does non ever go on, and public support for environmental steps disappears when the true allotment of benefits and loads becomes evide nt. For illustration, in 1970 public resistance Clean Air Act arose when other costs which the Act imposed became evident. Congress was cognizant that effectual control of car pollution would necessitate alterations in transit wonts every bit good as bounds on car pollution. The public doesn’t want to be inconvenienced. They are excessively disconnected from the environment. We all want a clean environment because that is the right thing to make. When it comes down to taking an easy life style, or a clean environment, the populace will take the easy path. One ground is that they have non been educated about the environment and another, the reverberations from mismanaged resources have non affected their day-to-day lives. Any alteration must be extremist. Intervening at the borders is non plenty. What is needed most is to set an terminal to the destructive utilizations of symbolism in environmental political relations. This will non be easy. Political symbols provide a cutoff for mobilising support in a complex society where issue argument is hard, and public attending in the issue attending rhythm is brief. ( pg. 116 ) Public environmental instruction must get down in the schools. It should ramify to every country of life. Movies, media, and the amusement industry, must force environmental consciousness. It is non a short program, nevertheless in one coevals, it could alter the United States if non the universe. A coevals could be formed for zero acceptance of politicians that make determinations based on money alternatively of the good of the common people. There are excessively many illustrations of the calamity of the parks that have been the consequence of the corrupt or greedy few. John Ehrenfeld captures the current sentiment ; losing about wholly from the problem-oriented activities of today is a vision of a universe that is sustainable, even a definition of sustainability is losing. No admiration that we move frontward merely on occasion, alternatively floating largely sideways or backward. ( pg. 48 ) In our coevals, we exhibit a religion in instruction which is firm. In malice of grounds to the contrary, we believe that cognition leads to virtue and that truth will so bring forth goodness. ( Hurst, pg. 35 ) It is with this cognition that we can alter the destructive class we are heading. Get downing with kids, instruction of the environment and linking each one of them to it on a personal degree will guarantee regard for the environment subsequently. Ehrenfeld closes with a statement that wraps everything up ; as this happens, encoded elements of a sustainability paradigm will get down to replace the old cultural pillars. And as the structuration procedure works its evolutionary manner, the whole system should go more and more unfastened to sustainability, supplying fertile dirt for the visions of the interior decorators to take root. ( pg. 196 ) Plants Cited Scott, Gerald. â€Å"PACKAGING AND THE ‘THROW-AWAY ‘ SOCIETY† . Journal of the Royal Society of ArtsVol. 122, No. 5212 ( MARCH 1974 ) ( pp. 188-202 ) Stana, Edward J. Packaging and the Environment. Natural Resources A ; Environment, Vol. 9, No. 2 ( Fall 1994 ) , pp. 16-19. Published by American Bar Association Luz Claudio. OUR Food: Packaging A ; PUBLIC HEALTH. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 120, No. 6 ( JUNE 2012 ) , pp. A232-A237. Published by: Brogan A ; Spouses Donald N. Dewees and Michael J. Hare. Economic Analysis of Packaging Waste Reduction. Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques, Vol. 24, No. 4 ( Dec. , 1998 ) , pp. 453-470. Published by: University of Toronto Press Clemens Weidemann. GERMANY: Regulation ON THE AVOIDANCE OF PACKAGING WASTE. International Legal Materials, Vol. 31, No. 5 ( SEPTEMBER 1992 ) , pp. 1135-1144. Published by: American Society of International Law J. H. Song, R. J. Murphy, R. Narayan and G. B. H. Davies. Biodegradable and Compostable Alternatives to Conventional Plastics. Philosophic Minutess: Biological Sciences, Vol. 364, No. 1526, Plastics, the Environment and Human Health ( Jul. 27, 2009 ) , pp. 2127-2139Published by: The Royal Society R. Aspinwall and J. Cain. The Changing Mindset in the Management of Waste. Philosophic Minutess: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 355, No. 1728, Clean Technology: The Idea and the Practice ( Jul. 15, 1997 ) , pp. 1425-1437 Published by: The Royal Society Jefferson Hopewell, Robert Dvorak and Edward Kosior. Plastics Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities. Philosophic Minutess: Biological Sciences, Vol. 364, No. 1526, Plastics, the Environment and Human Health ( Jul. 27, 2009 ) , pp. 2115-2126. Published by: The Royal Society Stephen M. Meyer and David M. Konisky. Adopting Local Environmental Institutions: Environmental Need and Economic Constraints. Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 1 ( Mar. , 2007 ) , pp. 3-16. Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. Lennart Lundqvist. Sweden ‘s Environmental Policy. Ambio, Vol. 1, No. 3 ( Jun. , 1972 ) , pp. 90-101. Published by: Springer Daniel R. Mandelker. Environmental Policy: The Following Generation. The Town Planning Review, Vol. 64, No. 2 ( Apr. , 1993 ) , pp. 107-117. Published by: Liverpool University Press Sam T. Hurst. Environment and Education: Past, Present, Future. Journal of Architectural Education ( 1947-1974 ) , Vol. 19, No. 3 ( Dec. , 1964 ) , pp. 35-37. Published by: Taylor A ; Francis, Ltd. John R. Ehrenfeld. Sustainability by Design. A Insurgent Strategy for Transforming Our Consumer Culture. September 2008 Published by: Yale University Press How to cite Packaging and the Environment, Essay examples

Western Music History free essay sample

It was, however, not always so black-and-white during the says of early musical revolution; it was even less of the case when it came to classical music. For the remainder of this thesis, would like to bring attention to four composers who I felt not only helped music evolve in terms Of style, but also change the way the world will look at them, forever. First, let us begin by defining what the various styles of classical music is, as well as their evolutions. Early Western classical music is divided into medieval, renaissance and baroque, the last of which is where this thesis will be delving into first before going along the timeline.Mozart and Beethoven biographer Maynard Solomon has said that while the arguably two most famous composers of all time have helped popularize classical music amongst the general masses through various means of media, it is without a doubt that without the likes of Bach and his peers, there would have been no Gustavo Mailer or Richard Strauss. That would take place centuries after most of these composers have passed on. Nevertheless, how exactly did the composers of back then affect not only music, but people in general now?Richard Tarsuss from the University of California argued that John Adams peer The Death of Cliffhanger was romanticism terrorists, and Australian- American composer Melissa Dungy has been frowned upon for using wordings from controversial speeches against neo-Baroque styled music for politically charged pieces. Did classical music really have a hand in the political or socio-economic scene of their time period? Let us take a look. Going not only in chronological order but also in terms of musical evolution, the first to come up would be a man known the world over by his last name: Johann Sebastian Bach.Such is the legacy of the man that after over 200 ears Of his death, his middle and surname would be taken as the Stage name of rock/metal band Skid ROWS frontal. While most people would assume a composer is merely someone who sits at a piano, Bach was in reality an organist, harp sichordist, violist and violinist. A pioneer of the Baroque period, Bach began musical tutelage under his father, a famous local violinist from his hometown of Sciences, Germany. Born in 1685, the young Johann Sebastian had to live with his brother Johann Christopher from the tender young age of 9 after his parents had passed away. Through his brother, who as an organ player in church and had himself studied under Johann Poachable, Bach began learning the clavichord before being given a scholarship to study music at the age of 14. This would later prove invaluable as it exposed him to a wider aspect of European culture, whilst rubbing shoulders with the sons of noblemen. Once free from his studies at SST. Michaels School in Lundeberg, Bach came into the employment of several churches and even one Duke Johann Ernst from Whimper. His dissatisfaction with his employers led him to seek a job at SST.Ballasts, where not only did he eve better working conditions, but it is also where he met his future wife Maria Barbara Bach. After convincing the church and city government to renovate the organ at the church, he in turn wrote his first hit Got sit mien K ¶nigh, BOW 71- for the inauguration of the new council. In 1723, Bach began to get seriously busy and began rewriting his and other composers composition, this is a common practice in those days, it is known that Bachs technique of imitating and improvising is nearly as creative as an original composition.It was between 1 722 and 1 742 when Bach would write The Well- Tempered Clavier to demonstrate a technique called equal temperament, which meant that all adjacent notes will have an identical frequency ratio, and doing so in all 24 major and minor keys. Due to this, most classically trained pianists can find their way between an F# and a KGB, which are two different notes although they are the same inharmoniously. Indeed, after his death, Beethoven called Bach the original father Of 1903).After the passing of Bach in 1750, six years later a boy would be born also in Germany, and just like Bach, have his first name given to the son of rock agene Eddie Van Helen, and his middle name the title of a cult movie: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Alth ough widely regarded as someone from the classical era as opposed to Baroque as in the case of Bach, Mozart came from similar beginnings: his father was too a famous violinist.However, unlike Bach, Mozart needed not receive any musical education; he was spotted as prodigy early on by his father at the tender age of 3, and already writing simple compositions by the age of 5. Along with his sister Maria Anna, nicknamed Manner, Mozart and family would travel across Europe to play in courts to the audience of several noblemen. Indeed, a particular influence on the young Mozart would be to see one Johann Christian Bach, the youngest son of Johann Sebastian Bach, whom he met in London in 1 764 and 1765.Touring back then was even more difficult than in todays time, as they constantly had to wait for reimbursement from the nobility as well as near fatal illnesses that struck both the children as well as father Leopold. After returning from Italy on March 1 773, Mozart, who had by now composed several operas, soon found appointment in the Syllabus court by employment of ruler Prince-Archbishop Hieronymus Colored. It was here hat Mozart developed some of his best works: five violin concertos, the only ones he ever wrote, as well as a K. 71 , a piano concerto considered by many to be breakthrough piece of music (Solomon, 1995). However, after plying his trade the re as well as Paris, it would not be until his move to Vienna in 1781 after a falling out with his employer Archbishop Colored that Mozart would become the composer we know of him as today. This move is the revolutionary step in his career, as well as his life (Solomon, 1995). He soon immersed himself in the works of Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederic Handel, due to Gottfried van Sweeties owning many manuscripts of Baroque maestros.Needless to say, his knowledge of these pieces of work along with his prodigious skills made him a remarkably famous and successful composer, which in turn led him to becoming a Freemason in 1784. Towards the end of his life, Mozart returned to writing operas, writing the masterpieces The Marriage of Figaro and Don Giovanni before the Status- Turkish War hindered his career. Indeed, a young Beethoven spent several weeks in Vienna hoping to study with him, although no records indicate that he two ever met. Alas, Mozart would fall ill on 6 September 1791 and die almost exactly 3 months later, on 5 December at the age of 35.Nevertheless, when one door closes, another opens. This came in the form Of a Polish composer by the name of FRR ©d ©rice Franà §ois Chopin. Like Mozart, Chopin too was a prodigy, and likewise also received musical training from not only his father who was a flautist and violinist, but also his mother who played the piano. Unlike Mozart, he did receive musical education from Czech composer Which Zany. Just like his predecessors, he started his career at he age of 7 by giving public concerts, before becoming a playmate to the son of Grand Duke Constantine, the Russian Poland ruler.By the autumn of 1826, Chopin began studies under the wing of composer Jeff Eisner at the Warsaw Conservatory. Three years later, he would be premiering his Variations on L CIA dared la Mann, Pop. 2 which is a variation of a theme from Mozart aforementioned Don Giovanni. The difference between Chopin and his virtuoso predecessors is that his income from teaching and composing allowed him to be financially independent Of concert-giving something Mozart and Bach were not so lucky to have.After leaving Poland for the very last time in 1831, Chopin became a French citizen and firmly established himself as one of Rupees premiere piano players and composers, playing pieces by Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, and also his own. Combining elements of his traditional Polish folk music as well as from the composers above, Chopin ushered in a new age of music: the Romantic period. Alas, just like many greats before and after him, Chopping health, which was already known to be very poorly since a very young age, deteriorated very quickly.On 17th October 1849, Chopin passed away with his sister Ludwig by his side. His cause of death has been thought to be tuberculosis, although it is debatable; it has since simply been known as Chopping disease. She then remove d his heart and placed it in an urn, which is now interred in Warsaw Holy Cross church. It should be noted that his funeral was a grand affair, with entrance being restricted to ticket holders, as well as Mozart Requiem being played at the ceremony complete with several soloists, in addition to his own work.Chopin was known for employing a rubout style of playing into his work, a style that was also prevalent in the works of Mozart before him. Fellow Romantic era composer Robert Schumann also noted that Chopin had a strong sense of Polish nationalism in him; he once said in a review of Chopping concertos in 1 836 that Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the 1 830 rising], their appeal to us artists is even stronger if the mighty autocrat in the north [I. E. Tsar Alexander l] could know that in Chopping works, in the simple strains of his mazurka, there lurks a dangerous enemy, he would place a ban on his music.Chopping works are cannon buried in flowers! (Schumann, 1988). Last but not least, the composer who is considered to have bridged the g ap teen late 19th century and early 20th century Western classical music: Claude Debussy. Along with fellow composer Maurice Ravel, Debussy was one of the most prominent and influential composers of Impressionist music. Hailing from France, Debussy is the only one of the four composers Ive mentioned that came from a non-musical background; his father owned a shop which sold china and crockery, and his mother was a seamstress.He began taking violin lessons at the age of seven, who in turn drew the attention of supposed Chopin student Marie Matt © De Reveille. At the age of 0, he enrolled in the Paris Conservatoire, where he spent 11 years studying and struck up a friendship with fellow student Isadora Philipp, who after Debussy death would be asked for advice on how to play his pieces. Although he played pieces by Beethoven, Schumann and Chopin in public, Debussy did not like to conform to the teachings of the Academy, instead using dissonance techniques and intervals which were considered unorthodox.Perhaps much too far ahead for his time, Debussy became very close to the patroness of famous Russian composer Tchaikovsky, who in turn regarded Debussy s work as lacking unity. After exposure to late composer Richard Wagered work, he then set about working on his style: a sensory component to his music and striking harmonies. His initial works, including the now famous Claim De Lune, shows his usage of Parthian modal composition as well as scales not usually employed in the style of music in that day and age.His usage of parallel chords, whole-tone and pentatonic scales as well as unprepared modulations would be essential to jazz music decades later. He also drew inspiration from other forms of art, such as literature and even from something as odd as mathematics. Indeed, he myself described his composition set of 12 piano à ©tudes simply titled ?à ©tudes as a warning to pianists not to take up the musical profession unless they have remarkable hands. Claude Debussy died of rectal cancer on 25 March 191 8, occurring whilst bombs rained down on Paris during World War l.His influence amongst classical composers such as B ©la Bartok, Igor Stravinsky and George Gershwin notwithstanding, he also reached the hearts and minds Of jazz composers such as Miles Davis, Theologies Monk, Duke Elongation and Herein Hancock. One could argue that people such as Miles Davis were not exactly the best ole models, and because Miles was influenced by Debussy, who was influenced by Wilhelm Wagner, who in turn was influenced by Mozart, does that make Mozart the belligerent of vulgar words and music?